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Biospective’s validated ALS animal models (including rNLS8 TDP-43ΔNLS and our proprietary "Low Dox" model variant) are purpose-built for neuroscience drug development. Our ALS mice feature motor deficits, cytoplasmic mislocalization & phosphorylated TDP-43 aggregates, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. As a leading neuroscience CRO, Biospective delivers decision-ready in vivo data supported by translational biomarkers, including neurofilament light (NfL), to biotech & pharmaceutical companies.

Biospective specializes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) models. We have developed industry-leading ALS mouse models and have deep expertise in TDP-43 pathology. As a global preclinical neuroscience contract research organization (CRO), we support biotech & pharmaceutical drug development programs using validated ALS animal models for therapeutic efficacy, target engagement, mechanism-of-action, biodistribution, and PK/PD studies across small molecules, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), gene therapy, antibodies, and other biologics.

Biospective’s TDP-43 mouse models (including the conventional "Off Dox" rNLS8 model and our proprietary, slower progressing "Low Dox" TDP-43ΔNLS model) recapitulate key features of human ALS, including phosphorylated protein aggregation in brain and spinal cord neurons, axonal degeneration, neuroinflammation, muscle atrophy, denervation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), and motor dysfunction. Studies include translational biomarkers, such as neurofilament light chain (NfL) in plasma and CSF, advanced neuroimaging, and quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence. With fully integrated, end-to-end preclinical services, and unmatched experience conducting ALS contract research studies in animal models, Biospective enables translational Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis research from study design through data analysis.

Why Choose Biospective as Your ALS Models CRO?

Biospective is a neuroscience CRO with a focus on ALS animal models, strong scientific expertise, and extensive experience conducting preclinical studies TDP-43 models.

  • Specialized ALS Mouse Models CRO: Focused exclusively on ALS and neurodegenerative disease models, not a generalist animal provider.

  • Multiple Validated ALS Models: "On Dox" and "Low Dox" rNLS8 mice are readily available for studies.

  • TDP-43 Expertise: Deep scientific expertise in TDP-43 biology and pathology, a central misfolded protein in ALS.

  • Integrated Services: Fully integrated preclinical services from study design to data interpretation, ensuring seamless execution.

  • Proven Efficacy Data: Industry-standard TDP-43 efficacy datasets and extensive historical controls for robust benchmarking.

  • In-House Transgenic Mouse Colony: Large internal colony of rNLS8 (TDP-43ΔNLS) transgenic mice, enabling large scale studies with well-characterized animals.

  • Accelerated Timelines: Rapid study initiation and efficient workflows to compress timelines without sacrificing quality.

  • Translational Biomarkers: Advanced biomarkers (NfL CSF/blood assays, in vivo MRI) that bridge preclinical findings to clinical outcomes.

  • Flexible Study Designs: Our scientists work with your team to customize the study design to best fit your goals.
  • Global Support: Experience supporting biotech and pharmaceutical industry clients worldwide, with responsive project management and communication.

Our scientists work as an extension of your internal team, collaborating closely to ensure scientific rigor, reproducibility, and translational relevance at every stage of your ALS drug discovery & development programs.

TDP-43 Mouse Models – Our Core Expertise

Biospective specializes in disease-relevant TDP-43 mouse models for ALS drug development.

TDP-43 protein aggregation is central to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis pathophysiology. Biospective has built specialized capabilities around TDP43–based ALS animal models, making this competency a core differentiator of our CRO services.

These mouse models enable direct evaluation of target engagement and downstream neurodegenerative processes under pathological conditions. Notably, our TDP-43 models recapitulate key features of human ALS – including pTDP-43 (p409/410) aggregates, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, motor impairments, muscle weakness and wasting, and altered EMG. Our animal model portfolio emphasizes reproducibility, well-defined phenotypes, and the integration of behavioral, imaging, biochemical, molecular, and histopathological endpoints to enable comprehensive in vivo ALS therapeutic efficacy and exploration of mechanism-of-action studies.

phospho-TDP43 IHC staining in rNLS8 ALS mouse model

TDP-43ΔNLS (rNLS8) Model

The cytoplasmic mislocalization of misfolded TDP-43 aggregates that characterizes human ALS can be recapitulated in the mouse brain. In this inducible transgenic mouse model, human wild-type TDP-43 with a defective nuclear localization signal (NLS) is expressed under the NEFH promoter. This model is considered one of the best ALS animal models for drug testing given its strong translational relevance.

Disease Features Modeled:

  • Cytoplasmic phosphorylated TDP-43 pathology in brain and spinal cord
  • Neurodegeneration (loss of vulnerable neuronal populations & axonal degeneration)
  • Neuroinflammation (microglial and astroglial activation)
  • Muscle atrophy, muscle weakness, and NMJ denervation
  • Reduced muscle CMAP amplitude and increased latency
  • Measurable motor impairments

Our Low Dox TDP-43ΔNLS model is highly reproducible and widely regarded as a gold standard for testing disease-modifying therapeutics. Biospective has a decade of experience executing preclinical studies with ALS models to evaluate biodistribution, target engagement, mechanism of action, and therapeutic efficacy

Translational Pathology and Biomarkers in ALS Models

Biospective has established a broad range of clinically-relevant disease markers to facilitate translation to clinical studies.

As a Preclinical Neuroscience CRO, we design our ALS rodent models with translational relevance to mirror key aspects of the human disease. A major differentiator of Biospective is our focus on translational biomarkers that align preclinical findings with clinical outcomes – including fluid & advanced neuroimaging biomarkers. We incorporate:

  • TDP43–related biomarkers (pathology and spread)

  • Neuroinflammation markers (microglial/astrocyte activation)

  • Neurodegeneration endpoints (axonal degeneration, atrophy)

  • Mechanism-of-action confirmation (target/pathway engagement)

Our modeling and biomarker strategies ensure that preclinical successes meaningfully predict clinical potential, de-risking the transition from animal studies to human trials.

Alzheimer’s Disease - IHC staining

TDP-43 Aggregates

Aggregates of misfolded proteins, such as TDP-43 and SOD1, are neuropathologic hallmarks of sporadic and familial forms of ALS. In >97% of cases of ALS, aggregates of TDP-43 are found mislocalized to the cytoplasm of neurons in the brain and spinal cord (Arnold, 2023). Phosphorylated aggregates are also typically observed. These characteristic features are readily observed in our TDP-43ΔNLS mouse models.

Cells showing progressively higher activation score (from 0 to 1) from left to right.

Activated Microglial & Reactive Astroyctes

Activated microglia and reactive astrocytes are prominent neuroinflammatory features in brains and spinal cords from ALS patients, and are thought to play a pivotal role in the disease pathogenesis (Clarke and Patani, 2020; Yang, 2024). We observe time-dependent increases in neuroinflammation in our TDP-43 mouse model. In addition to increased Iba-1 and GFAP immunoreactivity, we have found a strong relationship between activation and motor phenotype using algorithms that we developed to measure microglia and astrocyte morphology.

TDP-43 Neurofilament Light Control & Low Dox

Elevated Neurofilament Light in Plasma & CSF

Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is increased in the plasma and CSF of ALS patients (Benatar, 2023). Neurofilament light measurements are routinely used in ALS clinical trials. The accelerated approval of tofersen (Qalsody) supported by reduction in neurofilament light levels indicated the FDA’s acceptance of this measures as disease biomarker. We observe highly significant increases in plasma & CSF levels of neurofilament light in our TDP-43 mouse models. Young et al. have demonstrated the ability of a small molecule PIKfyve inhibitor, AIT-101 (INN: apilimod, aka LAM-002A), to decrease neurofilament light levels in our “Low Dox” TDP-43ΔNLS model.

CMAP waveforms

NMJ Denervation & Morphological Alterations

Electrophysiology (e.g. electromyography [EMG]) is a standard test used in ALS patients for diagnosis and monitoring of disease. Reduced EMG measures, such as the Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) reflect neuromuscular denervation due to the loss of spinal motor neurons (Sleutjes, 2021). Denervation and morphological changes of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) have also been found in muscles from ALS patients (Bruneteau, 2015). In our “Low Dox” TDP-43ΔNLS model, we have found significantly reduced CMAP amplitude and increased latency compared to control mice. Using multiplex immunofluorescence, we have also identified NMJ alterations consistent with denervation.

TDP-43 Thickness Control & Low Dox

Regional Brain Atrophy

Neuroimaging biomarkers are widely used in clinical trials of neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS. MRI-derived regional volume and cortical thickness measures are highly sensitive to brain atrophy and allow for monitoring disease progression over time. Cortical thinning has been shown in motor and non-motor brain regions in ALS (Yang, 2025). Using high-resolution, whole brain MRI acquisition and fully-automated image processing & analysis, we have shown reproducible brain atrophy (particularly in the motor and frontal cortex) in our Low Dox TDP-43ΔNLS mouse model, thereby serving as a robust in-life measure of neurodegeneration that complements other measures, such as fluid-based neurofilament light chain measures.

CT image with segmentation of the hindlimb muscles from Control (On Dox) and Low Dox mice

Muscle Wasting & Weakness

Skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness are central clinical features of ALS (Shefner, 2023). Non-invasive imaging techniques have been used to quantify muscle atrophy in ALS patients (Jenkins, 2013; Jenkins, 2018; Wilcox, 2021; Klickovic, 2024). We have used microCT to perform longitudinal measurements of hindlimb muscle loss in our Low Dox TDP-43ΔNLS mouse model and have found highly significant differences compared to control mice. This muscle wasting is accompanied by loss of muscle strength measured using a grip strength meter.

How are ALS Mouse Models Used in Drug Development?

We work closely with our biotech and pharmaceutical sponsors to:

  • Evaluate therapeutic efficacy and dose-response in ALS models

  • Assess target engagement and disease-modifying effects

  • Support translational biomarker strategies, including fluid biomarkers (e.g. NfL) for clinical readiness

Our ALS mouse models are optimized for in vivo testing of multiple therapeutic modalities, including both traditional and advanced approaches:

Small Molecules

  • Brain & spinal cord distribution

  • Effect on motor dysfunction

  • Reduction of pathological hallmarks (TDP-43 aggregates, NMU denervation)

RNA-Targeted Therapies

  • Target knockdown verification (e.g. mRNA or protein level reduction)
  • CNS biodistribution of ASOs/siRNA

  • Translational biomarker readouts to confirm pathway engagement

Gene Therapy & Viral Vectors

  • Transgene expression levels in target regions

  • Regional biodistribution of viral vectors (e.g. AAV spread)

  • Functional rescue or disease modification outcomes (behavioral and pathological improvements)

Antibodies & Biologics

  • CNS exposure and penetration of biologics (e.g. BBB transport)

  • Human TDP-43 aggregation clearance or reduction

  • Mechanism-of-action validation (target binding, downstream signaling changes)

End-to-End ALS Preclinical CRO Services

Biospective offers fully integrated preclinical ALS contract research services.

  • Study design & model selection – expert guidance on choosing the most appropriate ALS model and designing robust studies

  • In vivo efficacy studies – execution of treatment studies with thorough monitoring of outcomes

  • Biodistribution & PK/PD – analysis of drug distribution and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in CNS and periphery

  • Target engagement assays – confirmation that the therapeutic hits its molecular target (e.g. TDP-43 reduction, pathway modulation)

  • Behavioral analysis – motor function testing (grip strength, hindlimb clasping, grill agility, etc.)

  • In vivo multi-modality imaging – MRI, PET, SPECT, fluorescence, and bioluminescence imaging to track disease and treatment effects

  • Immunoassays – biomarker quantification in CSF, blood, and tissue (e.g. NfL, cytokines, chemokines)

  • Immunohistochemistry (IHC) & multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) – post-mortem tissue staining & quantitative image analysis to assess pathology and therapeutic impact

  • Data analysis & reporting – rigorous quantitative analysis, statistics, and comprehensive reporting by our scientists

This end-to-end approach minimizes handoffs, accelerates timelines, and reduces risk for our sponsors by keeping all aspects of the study under one expert team.

Learn more about our characterization of these ALS mouse models, our validated measures, and our Preclinical Neuroscience CRO services.

FAQs

What is the rNLS8 ALS mouse model?

The "regulatable" NLS model is also known as the TDP-43 ΔNLS model. It is a double transgenic mouse originally reported by Walker and colleagues in 2015. It is considered regulatable since the expression of the TDP-43 ΔNLS transgene (under the NEFH promoter) can be controlled via the administration of the tetracycline-analog doxycycline (Dox). The TDP-43 ΔNLS transgene expression is suppressed during administration of a high dose of Dox. You can learn more about this model in our Resource - TDP-43 ΔNLS (rNLS8) Mice for Drug Development.

Following removal of the Dox diet in TDP-43 ΔNLS mice, several features modeling human ALS can be observed, such as motor dysfunction (e.g. hindlimb clasping), muscle atrophy, and reduced CMAP.


What is Biospective's "Low Dox" model?

The conventional protocol for disease induction in rNLS8 mice involves the simple replacement of diet containing doxycycline (Dox) with a standard diet to generate a rapidly progressing model (Walker, 2015). While this model is very useful, we have found that many of our Sponsors want a less aggressive, slower progressing model to increase the opportunity to observe a drug effect in preclinical therapeutic efficacy studies. As such, we developed an alternate ("Low Dox") protocol where these mice show a similar phenotype to the standard model, including neurodegeneration, but the disease progression evolves over a longer period of time.


What are the typical readouts that you use in TDP-43 mouse model studies?

We have a large range of measures available. Standard readouts/endpoints include:

  • Body weight
  • Motor scoring (hindlimb clasping, grill agility, tremor, paralysis)
  • Grip strength test
  • MRI brain atrophy to measure neurodegeneration
  • In vivo muscle electrophysiology, including Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP)
  • Muscle atrophy measured by computerized tomography (CT)
  • Neurofilament light chain measures in plasma & CSF
  • Immunohistochemistry & multiplex immunofluorescence

Is neurofilament light chain elevated in the blood or CSF of TDP-43 mice?

Yes. We see significant elevations of neurofilament light levels in both the plasma and CSF from these mice using the Simoa assay. Neurofilament light levels serve as a robust, clinically translational biomarker of axonal injury and axon degeneration and complement other quantitative markers of neurodegeneration, such as MRI brain atrophy.


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